官员任期、政策偏好与城市创新

晋升锦标赛下，官员在有限任期内存在晋升预期差异，由此导致的短视行为的变化可能对创新产出造成影响。然而现有文献并未从官员晋升动机视角深入研究城市创新的制度动因，也未曾厘清官员任期等政治体制对创新活动的具体影响机制。本文利用2004—2016年285个城市的面板数据，通过多元统计回归分析，实证检验了官员任期如何通过经济增长目标影响城市创新的机制路径，并从土地财政、环境治理视角提出了新机制路径。研究发现：(1)相对于市长，市委书记任期对城市创新的影响更大，且呈现出显著的倒U型关系；(2)市委书记的更替显著抑制了城市创新水平的提升；(3)机制分析发现，市委书记的任期通过动态影响经济增长目标制定，土地财政依赖以及环境治理水平进而对城市创新产生影响。譬如当经济增长目标越高，官员越倾向于采用短视的扩张策略刺激经济，进而减少对创新活动的投入；(4)异质性分析发现在市场化条件较好，东部以及城市规模较大的地区，市委书记任期对创新的U型特征仍然显著。本文建议政府在推进财政分权体制改革时，应采用因地制宜的推进方式，将“有效市场”与“有为政府”更好地结合起来。本文研究结论丰富了晋升锦标赛理论的经验证据，有助于理...     

颠覆性技术识别方法发展现状及启示

[目的/意义]颠覆性技术能变革传统生产模式和消费结构，使产业格局巨变。识别潜在颠覆性技术有助于抢占科技制高点，在科技竞争中取得先发优势。[方法/过程]通过主题检索和引文回溯搜集文献，梳理颠覆性技术现阶段的主要识别方法。[结果/结论]发现方法的选择与研究人员学科背景密切相关，根据研究人员的主要研究领域，将其划分为图书情报、工程管理、经济研究和Christansen流派4类识别方法。在此基础上对识别方法进行7个维度的比较，指出现有方法存在3个问题：过度依赖专家评价、识别标准针对性不足和超前识别效果不佳，其中识别标准针对性不足是核心问题。鉴于此，在后续研究中应当从多种角度不断探究和完善技术颠覆潜力的评价方法。     

Bio-inspired untethered fully soft robots in liquid actuated by induced energy gradients

Soft robotics with new designs, fabrication technologies and control strategies inspired by nature have been totally changing our view on robotics. To fully exploit their potential in practical applications, untethered designs are preferred in implementation. However, hindered by the limited thermal/mechanical performance of soft materials, it has been always challenging for researchers to implement untethered solutions, which generally involve rigid forms of high energy-density power sources or high energy-density processes. A number of insects in nature, such as rove beetles, can gain a burst of kinetic energy from the induced surface-energy gradient on water to return to their familiar habitats, which is generally known as Marangoni propulsion. Inspired by such a behavior, we report the agile untethered mobility of a fully soft robot in liquid based on induced energy gradients and also develop corresponding fabrication and maneuvering strategies. The robot can reach a speed of 5.5 body lengths per second, which is 7-fold more than the best reported, 0.69 (body length per second), in the previous work on untethered soft robots in liquid by far. Further controlling the robots, we demonstrate a soft-robot swarm that can approach a target simultaneously to assure a hit with high accuracy. Without employing any high energy-density power sources or processes, our robot exhibits many attractive merits, such as quietness, no mechanical wear, no thermal fatigue, invisibility and ease of robot fabrication, which may potentially impact many fields in the future.     

Identifying Liars Through Automatic Decoding of Children's Facial Expressions

This study explored whether children's (N = 158; 4- to 9 years old) nonverbal facial expressions can be used to identify when children are being deceptive. Using a computer vision program to automatically decode children's facial expressions according to the Facial Action Coding System, this study employed machine learning to determine whether facial expressions can be used to discriminate between children who concealed breaking a toy(liars) and those who did not break a toy(nonliars). Results found that, regardless of age or history of maltreatment, children's facial expressions could accurately (73%) be distinguished between liars and nonliars. Two emotions, surprise and fear, were more strongly expressed by liars than nonliars. These findings provide evidence to support the use of automatically coded facial expressions to detect children's deception.     

场地转换视角下世界优秀男子网球单打运动员技术策略分析

目的:寻找不同场地的制胜技术策略与场地转换过程中的技术策略变化特点。方法:运用较小时间单元的技术指标(盘数据),对2018年男子单打四大满贯公开赛,共计73场比赛的单盘数据,进行不同场地胜负者Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test检验分析,并用Kruskal Wallis Test检验(通过Bonferroni校正)对场地之间技术指标进行差异性检验及多重事后比较分析。结果:1)2018年四大满贯男子比赛,不同场地平均每场盘数:草场>红土>硬地;2)硬地与红土,ACE/%指标具有显著差异,2种场地的各项指标数据均值相差较小。红土与草地,6项技术指标具有显著差异,双误、一发进区率未见显著差异,2种场地的各项指标数据均值相差最大。草地与硬地,7项技术指标具有显著差异,制胜球未见显著差异,数据均值差异小于草地与红土的差异;3)不同场地之间显著差异指标的个数:硬地与红土1个,红土与草地6个,硬地与草地7个。结论:场地不同需要运动员采用不同的技战术策略,注重场地转换过渡期中技术策略思想转变。硬地转红土,注重战术策略趋同性特点变化,发球以限制接得分为主,控制非受迫性失误,整体技战术策略守大于攻。红土转草地,技术指标差异最大,技术策略调整最大,转变防守反击思想,草地发球相关技术更为重要,草地盘数多于红土,整体技战术策略攻大于守。草地转硬地,技术策略接近,硬地需要减少双误,提高一发进区率、二发得分率,注重技术的全面性,整体技战术策略攻守平衡。     

政府处置公共危机的伦理向度

公共危机关涉多方利益主体,政府要在利益纠葛中正确取舍,合理有效地处置公共危机,必须坚持伦理向度。针对目前我国政府在处置公共危机中存在的诸如拖拉推诿、回应滞后,漠视生命、推卸责任,行为草率、纵容姑息等缺失伦理的行为,需要采取增强伦理意识、强化道德责任,促进伦理制度化、增强道德规范的可操作性,加强伦理监督、落实道德责任等措施,进一步加强政府处置公共危机的伦理向度。     

从单中心大型超声心动图数据分析近十年中国心脏疾病患病率的变化趋势

There is a paucity of data regarding trends in the incidence of heart disease in China during recent years. Using a large echocardiography database in our center, we analyzed trends in the prevalence of several common heart diseases from Dec. 2003. This study retrospectively analyzed the echocardiographic database in our Department from 2003 to 2012. A total of 385 682 cases were included in the study. The prevalence of rheumatic heart disease decreased over the 10-year period, from 4.04% in 2003 to 3.06% in 2012 (P<0.01). Infective endocarditis also decreased, from a mean prevalence of 0.37% in July 2003 to 0.27% in Dec. 2008 (P<0.001). The prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which includes 20% apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and 20% hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, was about 1.8%. The prevalence of the three most common adult congenital heart diseases (CHDs) decreased by about 10% from July 2003 to Dec. 2008 (all P<0.001). The prevalence of moderate pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) or left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) decreased during the 10-year period (P<0.001), but there was no change in the prevalence of severe PAH or LVSD (P>0.05). The present study indirectly demonstrates that the prevalence of several common heart diseases in China has declined in recent years.     

时代实践演进与我国政治文明发展

我国社会主义政治文明由中国特色社会主义政治理念、中国特色社会主义政治制度、我国政治主体的政治行为所组成,通过党的决策结构成为健全的政治文明,通过党的决策推动其发展。在新的历史条件下,我们党需要通过其决策,整合全球化和社会阶层分化所带来的新情况、新变化,科学决策发展我国政治文明。     

中小学体能锻炼课程体系构建研究

中小学体育与健康课程要落实"培养德智体美劳全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人"的根本任务,首先要在体能锻炼上下功夫,增强学生体质.体能锻炼课是学校体育与健康课程改革新发展阶段的一种课型.中小学体能锻炼课具有对接核心素养、落实课程标准、达成体质健康指标、指向体能考试的实然需求.终身体能教育理论、动作发展理论、运动技能发展模型、身体素质发展敏感期理论为体能锻炼课提供理论依据.体能锻炼课可从课程类型、模块内容、核心要素、诊断考核四个方面构建设计.体能锻炼课在专业师资、开发设计、课程资源和协同推进方面面临现实挑战.     

面向未来工程教育的人工智能伦理谱系

面向未来人工智能时代的工程教育,建立一种人工智能伦理谱系是必要的,以此阐明人工智能伦理与工程伦理、传统伦理之间的联系和区别,为开展人工智能伦理教育提供支持.人工智能伦理谱系围绕着"人与机"关系展开,机器"质变"是划分人工智能伦理谱系层级的根本因素.当前人工智能处于"弱人工智能"阶段,不同的参与人群催生了不同类型的人工智能伦理问题.人工智能伦理谱系对未来工程教育和工程人才培养有重要意义,有助于发展"面向科技本身的人工智能伦理教育体系",探索"专业课+必修课"的新人工智能伦理课程体系,推动人工智能科技专家参与或主导编撰人工智能伦理教材,培育新型人工智能伦理教育观.